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- Southern Europe -

- XW : U S E D - A B B R E V I A T I O N S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

;XW|#default#| ⇒ KM
;XW|CC!| colnect.com/en/coins
;XW|C(.)=C(r.)| Craig,William D.: Coins of the World (1750-1850)
;XW|CR| ⇒ C
;XW|DLS(.)=D(av.)LS| Davenport,J.S.: Large Size Silver Coins of the World (1500-1900)
;XW|F1(.)| Friedberg: Gold Coins of the World (1st edition)
;XW|F8(.)| Friedberg: Gold Coins of the World (8th edition)
;XW|FR=Friedb.| ⇒ F1 or F8
;XW|KM(.)(*)| Krause & Mishler: ... Catalog of World Coins ... (1601-)
;XW|MB(.)| Mishler & Bruce: ... World Coins ... (-1600)
;XW|N(N)!| en.numista.com
;XW|P(.)| Pick,Albert: World Paper Money
;XW|PB(.)| Pick,Albert: Briefmarkengeld
;XW|Sch(.)| Schön,G.: Welt-Münzenkatalog ...
;XW|TT(.)| Smith,K.(+K)/AVA: Catalogue of world transportation tokens, 1967/1981/1990/2004.
;XW|UC!| en.ucoin.net
;XW|WPM(.)| Cuhaj,G.S.: World Paper Money
;XW|X!| Krause & Mishler: unusual coins
;XW|Y(.)?=Y(e.)?| Yeoman,R.S.: Current/Modern World Coins | and Krause/Mishler (>1901)
;XW|Z!| no catalog reference
;XW|ZC!| www.zeno.ru - oriental coins database

- XU : U S E D - A B B R E V I A T I O N S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

;XU|BEG(.)=Berger| Berger,F.: mittelalterliche Brakteaten im Kestner-Museum Hannover, 1993+1996.
;XU|D(.)=D(av.)| J.S.Davenport: European Crowns & Talers .. (1484-)
;XU|DA| ⇒ D
;XU|DAV| ⇒ D
;XU|DOC(.)| Grierson, P.: Catalog of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection
;XU|DV?| ⇒ D.?
;XU|G(.)??=G(HS.)??| Grabowski/Huschka/Schamberg: ausländisches Geld.. dt. Besatzung
;XU|KA(.)| Keller,Arnold: Abstempelungen östterreich-ungarische Banknoten (1918-1920), 1962.
;XU|L(.)??=Grab.??| Grabowski,Hans-Ludwig: Geld des Terrors - Lager/Gettogeld
;XU|LEV(.)| Levinson, Robert A.: early date coinage of europe (1234-1500), Clifton, 2007.
;XU|ME(.)| Menzel,Peter: Deutsche Notmünzen ... (1840-1990)
;XU|MEC(.)| P. Grierson,./Backburn,M.: Medieval European Coinage - The Early Middle Ages
;XU|MG(.)=M./G.| K.F.Morrison/H.Grunthal: Carolingian Coinage, New York 1967
;XU|MN(.)| Menzel,Peter: Deutsche Notmünzen ... (1840-2002) Ausgabe: 2006
;XU|MOG(.)| Karl Morisson,Karl/Grunthal,Henry: Carolingian Coinage
;XU|MZ(.)| Menzel,Peter: Deutsche Notmünzen ... (1840-2002) Ausgabe: 2022
;XU|OHV(.)| M.D. O'Hara,M.D./Vecchi,I.: A Find of Byzantine Silver from the Mint of Rome
;XU|R(.)=R(os.)| Rosenberg/Grabowski: die dt. Banknoten ab 1871
;XU|SAM(.)| Sambon,Arthur: Catalogue de Monnaies de la Grande Grece
;XU|SBC(.)| Sear: Byzantine Coins
;XU|SBG(.)=Schl.| Schlumberger,Hans: Goldmünzen Europas (1800-1997)

- CY : U S E D - A B B R E V I A T I O N S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

;CY;GB|AKT| Region \ Akrotiri | (CY)
;CY|CYB| Period \ British Cyprus (1878-1960)
;CY|CYR| Period \ Royaume de Chypre (1192-1489)
;CY|CYO| Period \ Ottoman Cyprus \ Ḳıbrıṣ (1571-1878)
;CY|CYV| Period \ Venetian Cyprus \ Cipro  (1489-1571)
;CY;GB|DHK| Region \ Dhekelia | (CY)
;CY;GB|EPK| Region \ Episkopi | (CY)
;CY;IT|Pal(.)| Paolucci R.: Le monete dei dogi di Venezia ..., Padova, 1990+91.
;CY;IT|Pap(.)| Papadopoli,Nicolo: Le Monete di Venezia.

- GR : U S E D - A B B R E V I A T I O N S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

;GR|ATH| City \ Region \ Athens \ Athinai | (TT080)
;GR|AX0| Person \ King Alexander (1917-1920)
;GR|CO1| Person \ Constantine I (1913-1917;1920-1922)
;GR|CO2| Person \ Constantine II (1964-1973)
;GR|CRT| Island \ Crete \ Kreta
;GR|DI(.)| Divo,J. P.: Modern Greek Coins (1828-1968)
;GR|GG1| Person \ King George I (1863-1913)
;GR|GG2| Person \ King George II (1922-1924,1935-1947)
;GR;DE|GGR=G.GR| Griechenland (dt. Besetzung)
;GR|GMJ| Period \ Greek Military Junta (1967-1974)
;GR;IT|HRK| City \ Herakleia \ Kykladon | (IT)
;GR|IOI| Island \ Ionian Islands
;GR|KAR| City \ Karlovasi \ Neon Karlovasion | (TT450)
;GR;IT|NAX| City \ Naxos | (GR)
;GR|OT1| Person \ King Otto I (1832-1862)
;GR|PA1| Person \ King Paul I (1947-1964)
;GR|RP1| Period \ 1.Greek Republic (1822-1832)
;GR|RP2| Period \ 2.Greek Republic (1924-1935)
;GR|RP3| Period \ 3.Greek Republic (1974-)

- MT : U S E D - A B B R E V I A T I O N S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

;MT|M44| Person \ Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam (1521-1534)
;MT|M45| Person \ Piero de Ponte (1534-1535)
;MT|M47| Person \ Juan de Homedes (1536-1553)
;MT|M48| Person \ Claude de la Sengle (1553-1557)
;MT|M49| Person \ Jean Parisot de Valette (1557-1568)
;MT|M50| Person \ Pierre de Monte (1568-1572)
;MT|M51| Person \ Jean de la Cassiere (1572-1581)
;MT|M52| Person \ Hugues Loubenx de Verdalle (1582-1595)
;MT|M53| Person \ Martin Garzes (1595-1601)
;MT|M54| Person \ Alof de Wignacourt (1601-1622)
;MT|M55| Person \ Luis Mendes de Vasconcellos (1622-1623)
;MT|M56| Person \ Antoine de Paule (1623-1636)
;MT|M57| Person \ Giovanni Paolo Lascaris(1636-1657)
;MT|M58| Person \ Person \ Martin de Redin (1657-1660)
;MT|M59| Person \ Annet de Clermont-Gessant (1660)
;MT|M60| Person \ Rafael Cotoner (1660-1663)
;MT|M61| Person \ Nicolas Cotoner (1663-1680)
;MT|M62| Person \ Gregorio Carafa (1680-1690)
;MT|M63| Person \ Adrien de Wignacourt (1690-1697)
;MT|M64| Person \ Ramon Perellos y Roccaful (1697-1720)
;MT|M65| Person \ Marc'Antonio Zondadari (1720-1722)
;MT|M66| Person \ Antonio Manoel de Vilhena (1722-1736)
;MT|M67| Person \ Ramon Despuig (1736-1741)
;MT|M68| Person \ Manuel Pinto de Fonseca (1741-1773)
;MT|M69| Person \ Francisco Ximenez de Tejada (1773-1775)
;MT|M70| Person \ Emmanuel de Rohan (1775-1797)
;MT|RS(.)| Restelli/Sammut: the coinage of the knights in malta (1530-1798)
;MT|VLA| City \ County \ Valletta | (TT910)

- VA & IT : U S E D - A B B R E V I A T I O N S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

VA#  MU.  B12 45 V1
--> Ref. Muntoni, Benedict XII, catalog nr. 45,  variant 1
VA#  CNI. AX5A (.) 23
--> Ref. CNI, Alexander 5, Antipope, catalog nr. 23
VA#  MU.  PC 05
--> Ref. Muntoni, Piacenza (Monete Anonymous), catalog nr. 05
VA#  MU.  V68 (.) 8
--> Ref. Muntoni, Sede Vacante 1268-1271, catalog nr. 8
VA#  K(M.) AV 132.4
--> Ref. Krause/Mishler, Avignon, catalog nr. 132.4
VA#  B(.) 3030
--> Ref. Allen G. Berman, catalog nr. 3030

;--|# -| - == - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
;IT|#default#| ⇒ KM
;VA|#default#| ⇒ BM
;--|A -| - == - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
;VA|A!| (Antipope)
;IT;VA|A14| Authority \ Anonymous 14.th Century
;IT;VA|A15| Authority \ Anonymous 15.th Century
;IT;VA|A16| Authority \ Anonymous 16.th Century
;VA|AA2| Person \ Pope Agapetus II (946-955) \ Agapitvs \ Agapito
;IT|AB=ABR| City \ Region \ Abruzzo \ Abruzzi
;IT|ACI| City \ Acqui (PM)
;IT|ACM| City \ Amatrice (LZ)
;VA|AD1| Person \ Pope Adrianus I (772-795) \ Hadrian(us) \ Adrian(o)
;VA|AD2| Person \ Pope Adrianus II (867-872) \ Hadrian(us) \ Adrian(o)
;VA|AD3| Person \ Pope Adrianus III (884-885) \ Hadrian(us) \ Adrian(o)
;VA|AD6| Person \ Pope Adrianus VI (1522-1523) \ Hadrian(us) \ Adrian(o)
;VA|AD6V| Period \ Sede Vacante 1523 | (ex-V23)
;IT|AG=AGR| City \ Region \ Akragas \ Agrigent(o)
;IT|AHO| City \ Alghero (SD)
;IT|AL=ALE| City \ Province \ Alessandria (PM)
;IT;VA|AM=YAM| City \ Region \ Camerino (MH) \ Camerinum \ Kamarina
;IT|AMA| City \ Amalfi (CM)
;IT|AMP| City \ Campi
;IT;VA|AN=ANC| City \ Province \ Ancona (MH)
;IT|AOI| Region \ Italian East Africa \ Africa Orientale Italiana
;IT|AO=AOT| City \ Region \ Aosta (PM)
;IT;VA|AP=ASP| City \ Province \ Ascoli (Piceno)
;IT;VA|AQ=AQL| City \ Province \ L'Aquila degli (Abruzzi)
;IT|AQA| City \ Aquileia (FV)
;IT|AR=ARE| City \ Province \ Arezzo (TC)
;IT|ARB| City \ Albera Ligure \ Arbea
;IT|ARQ| City \ Arquata (Scrivia)
;VA|AS3| Person \ Pope Anastasius III (911-913) \ Anatasio
;IT|ASP| ⇒ AP
;IT|AST| ⇒ AT
;IT|AT=AST| City \ Province \ Asti (PM)
;IT|ATN| City \ Antegnate (LM)
;IT|ATR| City \ Abbiategrasso
;IT|ATZ| City \ Atri (AB) \ Adria \ Atria \ Hadria \ Hatria
;IT|AUL| City \ Kaulonia \ Kaulon \ Caulania
;IT|AV=AVE| City \ Province \ Avella (CM) \ Avellino
;VA;FR|AV=AVN| City \ Region \ Avignon(e) | (FR)
;IT;CH|AVG| City \ Avigliana (PM) | (IT)
;VA|AX5A| Person \ Antipope Alexandrus V (1409-1410) \ Alessandro \ Alex(ander)
;VA|AX6| Person \ Pope Alexandrus VI (1492-1503) \ Alessandro \ Alex(ander)
;VA|AX7| Person \ Pope Alexandrus VII (1655-1667) \ Alessandro \ Alex(ander)
;VA|AX7V| Period \ Sede Vacante 1667 | (ex-V67)
;VA|AX8| Person \ Pope Alexandrus VIII (1689-1691) \ Alessandro \ Alex(ander)
;VA|AX8V| Period \ Sede Vacante 1691 | (ex-V16)
;--|B -| - == - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
;VA|B(.)=Berm.| Allen G. Berman: Papal Coins (731-1990)
;VA|B11| Person \ Pope Benedetto XI (1676-1689) \ Benedi(c)t(vs) \ Benedikt
;VA|B12| Person \ Pope Benedetto XII (1334-1342) \ Benedi(c)t(vs) \ Benedikt
;VA|B13A| Person \ Antipope Benedetto XIII (1394-1423) \ Benedi(c)t(vs) \ Benedikt
;VA|B13| Person \ Pope Benedetto XIII (1724-1730) \ Benedi(c)t(vs) \ Benedikt
;VA|B13V| Period \ Sede Vacante 1730 | (ex-V30)
;VA|B14| Person \ Pope Benedetto XIV (1740-1758) \ Benedi(c)t(vs) \ Benedikt
;VA|B14V| Period \ Sede Vacante 1758 | (ex-V58)
;VA|B16| Person \ Pope Benedetto XVI (2005-2013) \ Benedi(c)t(vs) \ Benedikt
;VA|B16V| Period \ Sede Vacante 2013 | (ex-V13)
;IT|BA=BAI| City \ Province \ Bari (PU)
;IT|Bab(.)| Babelon,E.: Description historique des monnaies de la Republique Romaine, Paris, 1885-86.
;IT|BC=BCT| Region \ Basilicata | (IT-BAS)
;IT|BCC| City \ Bardonecchia | (BD2,TT060)
;VA;FR|Bd(.)| Boudeau: Catalogue général illustré des Monnaies Francaises Provinciales
;IT;VA|BDA| Person \ Brancaleone degli Andalò
;IT|BDI| City \ Bardi
;IT|BE=BEI| City \ Province \ Biella (PM)
;VA|BE3| Person \ Pope Benedetto III (855-858) \ Benedi(c)t(vs) \ Benedikt
;VA|BE4| Person \ Pope Benedetto IV (900-903) \ Benedi(c)t(vs) \ Benedikt
;VA|BE5| Person \ Pope Benedetto V (964) \ Benedi(c)t(vs) \ Benedikt
;VA|BE6| Person \ Pope Benedetto VI (973-974) \ Benedi(c)t(vs) \ Benedikt
;VA|BE7| Person \ Pope Benedetto VII (974-983) \ Benedi(c)t(vs) \ Benedikt
;IT|BEN| ⇒ BN
;VA|BF7A| Person \ Antipope Bonifativs VII (974) \ Bonifacio \ Boniface \ Bonifazius
;VA|BF8| Person \ Pope Bonifativs VIII (1294-1303) \ Bonifacio \ Boniface \ Bonifazius
;VA|BF9| Person \ Pope Bonifativs IX (1389-1404) \ Bonifacio \ Boniface \ Bonifazius
;IT|BG=BGO| City \ Province \ Bergamo (LM) | (TT080)
;IT|BGL| City \ Belgioioso \ Beligiojoso
;IT;VA|Bi(.)| Elio Biaggi: Monete e Zecche Medioevali Italiane ..., 1992.
;IT|BLT| City \ Barletta (PU)
;IT|BMC| City \ Belmonte (Calabro)
;IT|BN=BEN| City \ Province \ Benevent(o) (CM)
;IT|BNV| City \ Benevello
;IT;VA|BO=BOG| City \ Province \ Bologna (ER) | (TT090)
;IT|BOA| City \ Bosa (SD)
;IT|BOZ| City \ Bozzolo
;IT|BR=BRI| City \ Region \ Brindisi (PU) | (IT-BDS)
;IT|BRE| City \ Brescello
;IT|BS=BSC| City \ Region \ Brescia | (TT100,BRC)
;IT|BSX| City \ Bressanone (Alto Adige) \ Brixen (Südtirol) | (BZ2)
;IT|BT| Region \ Barletta-Andria-Trani (PU)
;IT|BVO| City \ Borgotaro \ Borgo Val di Taro
;IT|BWA| Village \ Busca (PM)
;IT|BZ=BZO| City \ Province \ Bolzano \ Bozen (TT)
;--|C -| - == - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
;VA|C10| Person \ Pope Clemente X (1670-1676) \ Clemens \ Clehens \ Clement
;VA|C10V| Period \ Sede Vacante 1676 | (ex-V76)
;VA|C11| Person \ Pope Clemente XI (1700-1721) \ Clemens \ Clehens \ Clement
;VA|C11V| Period \ Sede Vacante 1721 | (ex-V17)
;VA|C12| Person \ Pope Clemente XII (1730-1740) \ Clemens \ Clehens \ Clement
;VA|C12V| Period \ Sede Vacante 1740 | (ex-V40)
;VA|C13| Person \ Pope Clemente XIII (1758-1769) \ Clemens \ Clehens \ Clement
;VA|C13V| Period \ Sede Vacante 1769 | (ex-V69)
;VA|C14| Person \ Pope Clemente XIV (1769-1774) \ Clemens \ Clehens \ Clement
;VA|C14V| Period \ Sede Vacante 1774(-1775) | (ex-V74)
;IT|CA=CAG| City \ Province \ Cagliari (SD)
;IT|CAU| City \ Cantù (LM)
;IT;VA|Cav(.)| Cavicchi,A.: Le monete del ducato di Urbino,S. Angelo in Vado,2001.
;IT|CB=COB| City \ Province \ Campobasso (Molise)
;IT;VA|CDA| Person \ Carlo I d'Angio \ Charles of Anjou
;IT;VA|CDR| Person \ Cola di Rienzo
;IT|CDT| City \ Castiglione delle Stiviere
;IT|CE=CSE| City \ Province \ Caserta (CM) | (TT112)
;IT|CFT| City \ Casale (Monferato) (PM) | (TT110)
;IT;VA|CG(.)=Ciav.| William Ciavaglia: la zecca di fano
;IT|CGG| City \ Correggio
;IT|CH=CHT| City \ Province \ Chieti (AB)
;VA|CH(.)| Chimienti,Michele: Monete della Zecca di Bologna,catalogo ... Museo civico archeologico ...
;IT|CHX| City \ Chiavari | (TT115)
;IT|CI=YCI| City \ Region \ (Carbonia-)Iglesias (SD)
;VA|Cin(.)| Cinagli,Angelo: Le monete dei Papi
;IT|CIV| City \ Chivasso (PM)
;VA|CL4V| Period \ Sede Vacante 1268(-1271) | (ex-V68)
;VA|CL5| Person \ Pope Clemente V (1305-1314) \ Clemens \ Clehens \ Clement
;VA|CL6| Person \ Pope Clemente VI (1342-1352) \ Clemens \ Clehens \ Clement
;VA|CL7A| Person \ Antipope Clemente VII (1378-1394) \ Clemens \ Clehens \ Clement
;VA|CL7| Person \ Pope Clemente VII (1523-1534) \ Clemens \ Clehens \ Clement
;VA|CL8| Person \ Pope Clemente VIII (1592-1605) \ Clemens \ Clehens \ Clement
;VA|CL9| Person \ Pope Clemente IX (1667-1669) \ Clemens \ Clehens \ Clement
;VA|CL9V| Period \ Sede Vacante (1669-)1670 | (ex-V70)
;IT|CLE| City \ Castelleone (LM)
;IT;VA|CM=CAM | City \ Region \ Campania \ Kampanien
;IT;FR|CMA(.)=Camm.| Cammarano, M.: Corpus Luiginorum. Paris \ Monaco 1998.
;IT|CMO| ⇒ CO
;IT|CMP| City \ (Campello sul) Clitunno
;IT|CMR| Village \ Crema (LM)
;IT|CN=CUN| City \ Province \ Cuneo (PM)
;IT;VA|CNI(.)| A.A.V.V.: Corpus Nummorum Italicorum, Voll.I-XX, 1910-43.
;IT|CO=CMO| City \ Province \ Como (LM) | (TT120)
;IT|COB| ⇒ CB
;VA;FR|CP=CRP| City \ Region \ Carpentras (84) | (FR)
;IT;VA|CPU| ⇒ CU
;IT|CR=CRE| City \ Province \ Cremona (LM) | (TT130)
;IT|CRM| City \ Carmagnola (PM)
;VA;FR|CRP| ⇒ CP
;IT;FR|CRS| Region \ Corsica \ Corse (2A+2B) | (FR)
;IT|CS=QCS| City \ Province \ Cosenza (LB)
;IT|CSE| ⇒ CE
;IT|CT=CTA| City \ Province \ Katane \ Catania (SC)
;IT|CTK| City \ Castelsardo (SD)
;IT|CTZ| ⇒ CZ
;IT;VA|CU=CPU| City \ Region \ Capua (CE)
;IT|CUC| Village \ Cittaducale (LZ)
;IT|CUN| ⇒ CN
;IT;VA|CV=CVV| City \ Region \ Civitavecchia
;IT;VA|CVP(.)=Cav.P.| Cavicchi A.: Le monete della zecca di Pesaro,Tipografia Donati di Gubbio, 2009.
;VA|CX3| Person \ Pope Calixtus III (1455-1458) \ Calisto \ Calistvs
;IT|CXL| Village \ Castelseprio (LM)
;IT;LY|CYR| Region \ Italienisch-Cyrenaica
;IT|CZ=CTZ| City \ Region \ Catanzaro
;--|D -| - == - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
;XU|D(.)=D(av.)| J.S.Davenport: European Crowns & Talers .. (1484-)
;XU|DA| ⇒ D
;IT|DAB(.)| D'Andrea,A./Andreani,C./Bozza,F.: Le monete del Molise, Mosciano S.A., 2008.
;IT|DAL| Region \ Dalmazia & Albania
;IT|DAN(.)| D'Andrea,A./Andreani,C.: Le monete napoletane dai Bizantini a Carlo V, Castellalto, 2009.
;IT|DAP(.)| D'Andrea,A./Andreani,C.: Le monete medioevali della Puglia, Mosciano S.A., 2008.
;XU|DAV| ⇒ D
;IT|DEA| City \ Desana
;IT|DEG| Village \ Dego (LG)
;IT|DEI| City \ Castiglione dei Pepoli \ Gatti
;XW|DLS(.)=D(av.)LS| Davenport,J.S.: Large Size Silver Coins of the World (1500-1900)
;VA;FR|DM(.)| de Mey,Jean: Les Monnaies du Comtat Venaissin
;IT;VA|MT=DMT| City \ Region \ Montalto (delle Marche)
;IT|DOA| Village \ Dogliani (PM)
;XU|DOC(.)| Grierson, P.: Catalog of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection
;IT|DOM| City \ Domodossola (PM)
;IT|DON| Village \ Donnaz | Donnas (PM|VD)
;VA;FR|DSG| ⇒ SG
;XU|DV?| ⇒ D.?
;IT;VA|DZ| Authority \ Dominazioni Viscontee,Bologna
;--|E -| - == - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
;IT|EAN| City \ Messerano \ Masserano
;IT|ECE| City \ (Contessa) Entell(in)a (ancient)
;IT|Ek(l.)| O.P. Eklund: Copper coins of Italy excl. the Papal States, 1962.
;VA|Ek(l.)| O.P. Eklund: The Copper Coinage of the Papal States (1556-1869)
;IT|EMI| Village \ Cortemilia (CN)
;IT;VA|EMR| ⇒ ER
;IT|EN=ENO| City \ Region \ Enna
;IT|ENT| City \ Leontinoi \ Lentini
;IT|EPZ| City \ Lokroi Epizephyrioi \ Locri Epizefiri
;IT;VA|ER=EMR| City \ Region \ Emilia(-Romagna) | (EMI)
;IT|ERI| Region \ Colonia eritrea \ Italian Eritrea
;IT|ERX| City \ Eryx \ Erice
;IT|ETH| Region \ Impero Italiano d'Etiopia \ Occupation italienne de l'Ethiopie
;VA|EU2| Person \ Pope Evgenivs II (824-827) \ Eugenio \ Eugen(e)
;VA|EU4| Person \ Pope Evgenivs IV (1431-1447) \ Eugenio \ Eugen(e)
;IT|EVA| City \ Ceva (PM)
;IT|EVC| City \ Crevacuore (PM)
;--|F -| - == - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
;IT|FAE| City \ Faenza (ER)
;IT;VA|FAN| ⇒ FN
;IT;VA|FB=FBR| City \ Region \ Fabriano (MH)
;VA|FC0| Person \ Pope Francesco (2013-) \ Franziskus
;IT|FDI| City \ Fondi \ Fundi
;IT;VA|FE=FEA| City \ Province \ Ferrara (ER)
;IT;VA|FEM| ⇒ FM
;IT|FG=FOG| City \ Province \ Foggia (PU)
;IT|FGV| ⇒ FV
;XU|FI=FIR| City \ Province \ Florence (TC) \ Florenz \ Firenze | (IT)
;IT;VA|Fin(.)| Finetti,A.: La zecca e le monete di Perugia, Perugia, 1997.
;IT;VA|FL=FLI| City \ Region \ Foligno (UM)
;IT;VA|FM=FEM| City \ Province \ Fermo (MH)
;IT;VA|FN=FAN| City \ Region \ Fano (MH)
;IT|FOG| ⇒ FG
;IT|FOS| Village \ Fossombrone (MH)
;IT|FOV| City \ Fosdinovo
;XW|FR=Friedb.| ⇒ F1 or F8
;IT|FRC| City \ Frinco
;IT|FRF| Quarter \ Rifredi (Firenze)
;IT|FRL| City \ Forlì (ER)
;IT|FR=FRO| City \ Province \ Frosinone (LZ)
;VA|FS0| Person \ Pope Formosus (891-896) \ Formosi \ Formosa
;IT;VA|FTU| ⇒ FU
;IT;VA|FU=FTU| City \ Region \ Forte Urbano
;VA|Fus(.)| Fusconi,Giorgio: "Papal Coins minted by the mint of Rome" (772-983), Pavia, 2012.
;IT|FV=FGV| Region \ Friuli-Venezia Giulia
;VA|FV0| Person \ Francesco di Vico (1375-87) \ Prefetto di Roma
;--|G -| - == - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
;IT;VA|G(.)=G(i.)=Gig.| Gigante: Monete Italiane ...
;VA|G11| Person \ Pope Gregorius XI (1370-1378) \ Gregorio \ Gregory \ Gregor
;VA|G11V| Period \ Sede Vacante 1378 | (ex-V78)
;VA|G12| Person \ Pope Gregorius XII (1406-1415) \ Gregorio \ Gregory \ Gregor
;VA|G12V| Period \ Sede Vacante 1415(-1417) | (ex-V15)
;VA|G13| Person \ Pope Gregorius XIII (1572-1585) \ Gregorio \ Gregory \ Gregor
;VA|G13V| Period \ Sede Vacante 1585 | (ex-V85)
;VA|G14| Person \ Pope Gregorius XIV (1590-1591) \ Gregorio \ Gregory \ Gregor
;VA|G15| Person \ Pope Gregorius XV (1621-1623) \ Gregorio \ Gregory \ Gregor
;VA|G15V| Period \ Sede Vacante 1623 | (ex-V62)
;VA|G16| Person \ Pope Gregorius XVI (1831-1846) \ Gregorio \ Gregory \ Gregor
;VA|G16V| Period \ Sede Vacante 1846 | (ex-V46)
;IT|GA(.)| Galeotti,Arrigo: Le monete del Granducato di Toscana, Bologna, 1971.
;IT|GAE| City \ Gaeta (LZ)
;IT;VA|GB| Authority \ Governo Popolare di Bologna Repubblica Cispadana (1796-1797)
;IT|GDZ| City \ Gradisca (d'Isonzo) \ Gradis
;IT|GE=GEN| City \ Province \ Genoa (LG) \ Genua \ Genova | (TT400)
;IT|GEA| City \ Gela
;IT|GES| City \ Segesta
;IT|GEV| City \ Gravedona (ed Uniti)
;IT|GFG| City \ Garfagnana
;VA|GG2| Person \ Pope Gregorius (715-731) \ Gregorio \ Gregory \ Gregor
;VA|GG3| Person \ Pope Gregorius III (731-741) \ Gregorio \ Gregory \ Gregor
;VA|GG4| Person \ Pope Gregorius IV (827-844) \ Gregorio \ Gregory \ Gregor
;IT;VA|GI| ⇒ G
;IT|GIG| City \ San Giorgio \ San Georgio
;IT;DE|GIT=G.IT| Italien (dt. Besetzung)
;IT|GIZ| City \ Gazzoldo \ Gazoldo degli Ippoliti | (ZKI)
;VA|GL2| Person \ Pope Giulio II (1503-1513) \ Ivlivs \ Julius
;VA|GL3| Person \ Pope Giulio III (1500-1555) \ Ivlivs \ Julius
;VA|GL3V| Period \ Sede Vacante 1555A | (ex-V55)
;IT|GO=GOZ| City \ Province \ Gorizia (Friuli-Venezia Giulia) | (IT-GZA)
;VA|GP1| Person \ Pope Giovanni Paolo I (1978) \ Iohans Pavlvs \ Johannes Paul
;VA|GP1V| Period \ Sede Vacante 1978B | (ex-V79)
;VA|GP2| Person \ Pope Giovanni Paolo II (1978-2005) \ Iohans Pavlvs \ Johannes Paul
;VA|GP2V| Period \ Sede Vacante 2005 | (ex-V04)
;IT|GR=GRS| City \ Province (TC)
;IT|GS(.)| Cesare Gamberini di Scarfèa: Quando Mancano Gli Spiccioli ...
;IT;VA|GU=GUB| City \ Region \ Gubbio (UM) \ Iguvium
;IT|GUR| City \ Guardiagrele (AB)
;IT|GUS| City \ Guastalla
;IT;DE|GZG| Region \ Görz und Gradiska \ Gorizia e Gradisca d'Isonzo | (IT,GZA+GDZ)
;--|H -| - == - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
;VA|HK(.)| Herkner: Münzen des Kirchenstaates (1700-1870), Berlin, 1974/75.
;IT;GR|HRK| City \ Herakleia \ Kykladon | (IT)
;IT|HYE| City \ Elea \ Velia \ Hyele
;--|I -| - == - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
;VA|I10| Person \ Pope Innocentivs X (1644-1655) \ Innocent \ Innozenz \ Innocenzo
;VA|I10V| Period \ Sede Vacante 1655 | (ex-V54)
;VA|I11| Person \ Pope Innocentivs XI (1676-1689) \ Innocent \ Innozenz \ Innocenzo
;VA|I11V| Period \ Sede Vacante 1689 | (ex-V88)
;VA|I12| Person \ Pope Innocentivs XII (1691-1700) \ Innocent \ Innozenz \ Innocenzo
;VA|I12V| Period \ Sede Vacante 1700 | (ex-V00)
;VA|I13| Person \ Pope Innocentivs XIII (1721-1724) \ Innocent \ Innozenz \ Innocenzo
;VA|I13V| Period \ Sede Vacante 1724 | (ex-V24)
;IT;VA|IC| Authority \ Carlo V Imperatore,Bologna (1530)
;IT|IEL| City \ Stiela
;IT|IM=IMP| City \ Province \ Imperia (LG) | (TT430)
;VA|IN4| Person \ Pope Innocentivs IV (1251-1253) \ Innocent \ Innozenz \ Innocenzo
;VA|IN6| Person \ Pope Innocentivs VI (1352-1362) \ Innocent \ Innozenz \ Innocenzo
;VA|IN7| Person \ Pope Innocentivs VII (1404-1406) \ Innocent \ Innozenz \ Innocenzo
;VA|IN8| Person \ Pope Innocentivs VIII (1484-1492) \ Innocent \ Innozenz \ Innocenzo
;VA|IN9| Person \ Pope Innocentivs IX (1591) \ Innocent \ Innozenz \ Innocenzo
;IT|INS| City \ Incisa (PM)
;IT;VA|IPF| Period \ (Primo) Impero Francese \ Napoleone Imperatore,Roma (1809-1814)
;IT|IRA| City \ Himera \ Imera
;IT|ITO| City \ Torriglia
;IT|IVR| City \ Ivrea (PM)
;--|J -| - == - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
;VA|J10| Person \ Pope Giovanni X (914-928) \ Iohans \ John \ Johannes \ Johann \ João
;VA|J11| Person \ Pope Giovanni XI (931-935) \ Iohans \ John \ Johannes \ Johann \ João
;VA|J12| Person \ Pope Giovanni XII (955-963) \ Iohans \ John \ Johannes \ Johann \ João
;VA|J13| Person \ Pope Giovanni XIII (965-972) \ Iohans \ John \ Johannes \ Johann \ João
;VA|J22| Person \ Pope Giovanni XXII (1316-1334) \ Iohans \ John \ Johannes \ Johann \ João
;VA|J23A| Person \ Antipope Giovanni XXIII (1410-1419) \ Iohans \ John \ Johannes \ Johann \ João
;VA|J23| Person \ Pope Giovanni XXIII (1958-1963) \ Iohans \ John \ Johannes \ Johann \ João
;VA|J23V| Period \ Sede Vacante 1963 | (ex-V63)
;VA|JH8| Person \ Pope Giovanni VIII (872-882) \ Iohans \ John \ Johannes \ Johann \ João
;VA|JH9| Person \ Pope Giovanni IX (898-900) \ Iohans \ John \ Johannes \ Johann \ João
;--|K -| - == - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
;IT;VA|K(.)| ⇒ KM
;IT|KET| Village \ Cesana (Torinese) (PM)
;XW|KM(.)(*)| Krause & Mishler: ... Catalog of World Coins ... (1601-)
;IT;ME|KOT| City \ Cattaro \ Kotor | (ME)
;IT|KR=KRO| City \ Region \ Kroton \ Crotone
;IT|KYM| City \ Kyme \ Cuma(e)
;--|L -| - == - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
;VA|L10| Person \ Pope Leone X (1513-1521) \ Leoni \ Leo
;VA|L10V| Period \ Sede Vacante 1521 | (ex-V52)
;VA|L12| Person \ Pope Leone XII (1823-1829) \ Leoni \ Leo
;VA|L12V| Period \ Sede Vacante 1829 | (ex-V29)
;IT|LAB| City \ Alba (PM)
;IT|LAS| City \ Laos \ Laus \ Laüs
;IT|LAZ| ⇒ LZ
;IT;DE|LBO=L.BO| Lager-\Gettogeld Bozen | (IT-Bolzano)
;IT|LBY| Region \ Libia italiana \ Italian Libya
;IT|LC=LCO| City \ Region \ Province \ Lecco (PU)
;IT|LCI| City \ Village \ Lanciano (AB)
;IT;VA|LD0| Person \ Ladislauf of Durazzo (1413-1414)
;IT|LE=QLE| City \ Region \ Province \ Lecce (PU) | (LCC)
;IT|LG=LIG| Region \ Liguria \ Ligure
;IT|LGI| City \ Massa di Lungiano
;IT|LGN| City \ Legnano | (TT480)
;IT|LI=LIV| City \ Region \ Livorno
;IT|LIG| ⇒ LG
;IT|LIL| City \ Lilybaion \ Lilibeo
;VA|LN3| Person \ Pope Leone III (795-816) \ Leoni \ Leo
;VA|LN4| Person \ Pope Leone IV (847-855) \ Leoni \ Leo
;VA|LN7| Person \ Pope Leone VII (936-939) \ Leoni \ Leo
;VA|LN8| Person \ Pope Leone VIII (963-972) \ Leoni \ Leo
;VA|LN9| Person \ Pope Leone IX (1049-1054) \ Leoni \ Leo
;IT|LM=LOM| Region \ Lombardia \ Lombardy \Lombardei
;IT|LO=LOD| City \ Province \ Lodi (LM) | (LDI,TT490)
;IT|LOA| City \ Loano
;IT|LOM| ⇒ LM
;IT|LRM| City \ Larinum
;IT;VA|LS=(Dav.)LS| J.S.Davenport: Large Size Silver Coins of the World (1500-1900)
;IT|LSN| Village \ Latisana (Friuli-Venezia Giulia)
;IT|LT=LTN| City \ Province \ Latina (LZ)
;IT|LU=LUA| City \ Province \ Lucca (TC) | (LCV,TT500)
;IT|LUC| City \ Village \ Lucera (PU)
;IT|LUG| City \ Lugo
;IT|Lul(.)| Lulliri,G./Bonaria,U.M.: Le monete della Sardegna vandalica, Sassari, 1996.
;IT|LUN| City \ Luni
;IT|Lus(.)| Lusuardi,A.: La zecca di Correggio, Carpi, 2002.
;IT|LVT| Authority \ Region \ Lombardy-Venetia (1815-66)
;IT|LZ=LAZ| Region \ Lazio \ Latium
;--|M -| - == - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
;VA|M(.)=M(u.)=Munt.| Francesco Muntoni: Le monete dei papi e degli Stati Pontifici, Roma, 1972-73.
;VA|MA5| Person \ Pope Martinvs V (1417-1431) \ Martin(o)
;VA|MAA| ⇒ M.AA?
;VA|MAD| ⇒ M.AD?
;IT;VA|MAN| ⇒ MN
;IT|MAP| City \ Manoppello (AB)
;VA|MAS| ⇒ M.AS?
;VA|MAX| ⇒ M.AX?
;IT;VA|Maz| ⇒ Mz
;IT|MB=MBN| Region \ Province \ Monza e Brianza
;VA|MBE| ⇒ M.BE?
;VA|MBF| ⇒ M.BF?
;IT;VA|MC=MCA| City \ Province \ Macerata (MH)
;VA|MCL| ⇒ M.CL?
;VA|MCX| ⇒ M.CX?
;IT|ME=QME| City \ Province \ Messana (SC) \ Messina | (MSN)
;XU|MEC(.)| P.Grierson,./Backburn,M.: Medieval European Coinage - The Early Middle Ages
;IT|MEI| City \ Melfi (BC)
;IT|MEN| City \ Merano (Trentino)
;VA|MEU| ⇒ M.EU?
;IT;VA|MF=MFC| City \ Region \ Montefiascone (LZ)
;IT|MFR| City \ Manfredonia (PG)
;VA|MFS| ⇒ M.FS
;IT;VA|MG(.)=Mont.| Montenegro: Monete Italiane ...
;XU|MG(.)=M./G.| K.F.Morrison/H.Grunthal: Carolingian Coinage, New York 1967
;VA|MGG| ⇒ M.GG?
;VA|MGL| ⇒ M.GL?
;VA|MGP| ⇒ M.GP?
;IT|MH| Region \ Marche \ The Marches \ Marken
;IT|MI=MIA| City \ Province \ Milan (LM) \ Mailand \ Milano | (TT520)
;VA|MI1| Person \ Pope Marinus I (882-884) \ Marini \ Marino
;VA|MI2| Person \ Pope Marinus II (942-946) \ Marini \ Marino
;IT|MID| City \ Mirandola
;VA|MIN| ⇒ M.IN?
;IT;VA|MIR(.)| Varesi,Alberto: Monete italiane regionali, Pavia.
;IT|MIU| City \ Militu \ Mileto(s) (LB)
;VA|MJH| ⇒ M.JH?
;IT;VA|ML| City \ Region \ Matelica (MC)
;IT|MLC| City \ Montalcino
;VA|MLD| ⇒ M.LD?
;VA|MLN| ⇒ M.LN?
;IT|MLT| Region \ Malta
;IT;VA|MN=M(A)N| City \ Province \ Mantova (LM) \ Mantua
;VA|MMA| ⇒ M.MA?
;VA|MMI| ⇒ M.MI?
;IT|MMQ| Village \ Massa Marittima (TC) | (MM2)
;VA|MMR| ⇒ M.MR?
;VA|MNI| ⇒ M.NI?
;IT;VA|MO=MOD| City \ Region \ Modena (ER) | (TT550)
;XU|MOG(.)| Karl Morisson,Karl/Grunthal,Henry: Carolingian Coinage
;IT|MON| City \ Moncalieri
;IT|MOT| ⇒ MO
;VA|MPA| ⇒ M.PA?
;IT|MPD| City \ Maccagno (con Pino e Veddasca)
;VA|MPO| ⇒ M.PO?
;VA|MPQ| ⇒ M.PQ?
;IT;VA|MPS(.)| Malloy,A./Preston,I./Seltman,A.: Coins of the crusader states, USA, 2004.
;VA|MR2| Person \ Pope Marcellus II (1555) \ Marcello
;VA|MR2V| Period \ Sede Vacante 1555B | (ex-V56)
;VA|MRO| ⇒ M.RO
;VA|MRR| ⇒ M.RR
;VA|MRS| ⇒ M.RS
;VA|MRZ| ⇒ M.RZ
;IT|MS=MSA| City \ Region \ Massa (Carrara)
;VA|MSE| ⇒ M.SE?
;IT|MSL| City \ Massa Lombarda
;VA|MST| ⇒ M.ST?
;VA|MSX| ⇒ M.SX?
;IT;VA|MT| ⇒ DMT
;IT|MTA| City \ Mortara
;VA|MTD| ⇒ M.TD?
;IT|MTP| City \ Metapont(o)
;VA|MU| ⇒ M
;VA|MUR| ⇒ M.UR?
;VA|MVL| ⇒ M.VL
;IT;VA|Mz(.)=M(a)z(.)| Mazza,Fernando: Le monete della zecca di Ascoli, Ascoli Piceno, 1987.
;IT|MZA| City \ Monza (LM)
;VA|MZA| ⇒ M.ZA
;--|N -| - == - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
;IT|NA=NAP| City \ Region \ Naples \ Neapel \ Napoli (CM) | (TT580)
;IT;GR|NAX| City \ Naxos | (GR)
;VA|NI1| Person \ Pope Nicholas I (858-867) \ Nicolo \ Nic(h)olavs \ Nikolaus \ Nikolai
;VA|NI2| Person \ Pope Nicholas II (1059-1061) \ Nicolo \ Nic(h)olavs \ Nikolaus \ Nikolai
;VA|NI5| Person \ Pope Nicholas V (1447-1455) \ Nicolo \ Nic(h)olavs \ Nikolaus \ Nikolai
;IT|NIZ| City \ Nizza (Monferrato)
;IT|NMO| City \ San Martino
;IT;VA|NN| Incerta \ unknown \ unbekannt
;IT|NO=YNO| City \ Region \ Novara (PM) | (NVR)
;IT|NOT| Village \ Teno (CM)
;IT|NOV| City \ Novellara
;IT|NP1| Person \ King Napoleon I (1805-1814)
;IT|NV(.)| Negrini/Varesi: La monetazione di Milano, 1991.
;--|O -| - == - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
;IT|OAI| Quarter \ City \ Bonaria (Cagliari)
;IT|OAO| City \ Montanaro
;IT|OBA| Region \ Oltregiuba \ Djubaland
;IT|OBT| City \ Orbetello
;IT;VA|OC| Period \ Occupazione Austriaca \ austrian occupation (1799-1800)
;IT;CH|OCC| City \ Mesocco | (CH)
;IT|OCE| City \ Casanova (Elvo)
;IT|OCM| City \ Compiano
;IT|OCT| City \ Castro
;VA|OD2| Person \ Pope Teodoro II (897) \ Theodr \ Theodor(e)
;IT|ODP| City \ Orciano (di Pesaro)
;XU|OHV(.)| M.D. O'Hara,M.D./Vecchi,I.: A Find of Byzantine Silver from the Mint of Rome
;IT|OMU| City \ Musso
;IT;VA|ON| Period \ Occupazione Napoletana \ neapolitan occupation (1799-1800)
;IT;VA|ORV| ⇒ OV
;IT|OS=QOS| City \ Province \ Oristano (SD) | (OR)
;IT|OSC| City \ Cosa
;IT|OSV| Quarter \ City \ Sovana (Sorano)
;IT|OTC| Village \ Tocco da Casauria (AB)
;IT|OTN| City \ Ortona (AB)
;IT;VA|OV=ORV| City \ Region \ Orvieto (UM)
;--|P -| - == - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
;VA|P11| Person \ Pope Pio XI (1922-1939) \ Pius
;VA|P11V| Period \ Sede Vacante 1939 | (ex-V39)
;VA|P12| Person \ Pope Pio XII (1939-1958) \ Pius
;VA|P12V| Period \ Sede Vacante 1958 | (ex-V57)
;VA|PA1| Person \ Pope Pavlvs I (757-767) \ Paolo \ Paul(us)
;VA|PA2| Person \ Pope Pavlvs II (1464-1471) \ Paolo \ Paul(us)
;VA|PA3| Person \ Pope Pavlvs III (1534-1549) \ Paolo \ Paul(us)
;VA|PA3V| Period \ Sede Vacante 1549(-1550) | (ex-V49)
;VA|PA4| Person \ Pope Pavlvs IV (1555-1559) \ Paolo \ Paul(us)
;VA|PA4V| Period \ Sede Vacante 1559 | (ex-V59)
;VA|PA5| Person \ Pope Pavlvs V (1605-1621) \ Paolo \ Paul(us)
;VA|PA5V| Period \ Sede Vacante 1621 | (ex-V21)
;VA|PA6| Person \ Pope Pavlvs VI (1963-1978) \ Paolo \ Paul(us)
;VA|PA6V| Period \ Sede Vacante 1978A | (ex-V19)
;IT|PA=PAO| City \ Region \ Panormos \ Palermo (SC) | (PMO,TT600)
;IT;VA|Pag(.)| Pagani,Antonio: Monete italiane dall'invasione napoleonica (1796-1963), Milano, 1965.
;IT;CY|Pal(.)| Paolucci R.: Le monete dei dogi di Venezia ..., Padova, 1990+91.
;IT;CY|Pap(.)| Papadopoli,Nicolo: Le Monete di Venezia.
;IT|PAV| ⇒ PV
;IT|PB(.)| Pick,Albert: Briefmarkengeld
;IT;VA|PC=PCZ| City \ Region \ Piacenza (ER) | (TT620)
;VA;FR|PDA(.)| Poey d'Avant: Les Monnaies Féodales de France (3 tomes)
;IT|PD=PDV| City \ Region \ Padova (VN)
;IT;VA|PEG| ⇒ PG
;IT;VA|PES| ⇒ PS
;IT;VA|PG=PEG| City \ Region \ Perugia (UM)
;IT|PI=QPI| City \ Region \ Pisa (TC) | (PSA)
;IT|PIL| City \ Pinerolo (PM)
;IT|PIO| City \ Piombino
;IT;VA|PL=QPL| City \ Region \ Pergola | (ZPK)
;IT|PM| Region \ Piedmont \ Piemonte
;IT;VA|PN| Authority \ the Patrimony \ del Patrimonio
;IT|PNV| City \ Palmanova
;IT|PO=PTO| City \ Region \ Prato (TC) | (OTA,TT660)
;VA|PO2| Person \ Pope Pio II (1458-1464) \ Pius
;VA|PO3| Person \ Pope Pio III (1503) \ Pius
;VA|PO4| Person \ Pope Pio IV (1559-1565) \ Pius
;VA|PO4V| Period \ Sede Vacante 1565(-1566) | (ex-V65)
;VA|PO5| Person \ Pope Pio V (1566-1572) \ Pius
;VA|PO5V| Period \ Sede Vacante 1572 | (ex-V72)
;VA|PO6| Person \ Pope Pio VI (1775-1799) \ Pius
;VA|PO7| Person \ Pope Pio VII (1800-1823) \ Pius
;VA|PO7V| Period \ Sede Vacante 1823 | (ex-V22)
;VA|PO8| Person \ Pope Pio VIII (1829-1830) \ Pius
;VA|PO8V| Period \ Sede Vacante (1830-)1831 | (ex-V31)
;VA|PO9| Person \ Pope Pio IX (1846-1878) \ Pius
;IT|POU| City \ Populonia
;IT|PPN| City \ Pomponesco
;IT;VA|PPS| Period \ Papal States (-1870)
;VA|PQ1| Person \ Pope Pasqale I (817-824) \ P(a)scal \ Paschal
;IT;VA|PR=PRM| City \ Region \ Parma (ER) | (TT610)
;IT|PRC| City \ Porcia
;IT;VA|PS=PES| City \ Region \ Pesaro (e Urbino)
;IT|PSD| City \ Poseidonia \ Paestum \ Cappacio
;IT|PSL| City \ Ponsanello
;IT|PSU| City \ Passerano
;IT|PU=PUG| Region \ Puglia \ Apulia
;IT|PV=PAV| City \ Region \ Pavia \ Ticium
;--|Q -| - == - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
;IT;FR|QCR| City \ Corte | (FR)
;IT|QCS| ⇒ CS
;IT|QLE| ⇒ LE
;IT|QME| ⇒ ME
;IT|QOS| ⇒ OS
;IT|QPI| ⇒ PI
;IT|QPL| ⇒ PL
;IT|QSI| ⇒ SI
;IT|QSS| ⇒ SS
;--|R -| - == - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
;IT;VA|R18| Period \ Repubblica Romana \ Roman republic, 18.th Century (1798-1799)
;IT;VA|R19| Period \ Repubblica Romana \ Roman republic, 19.th Century (1849)
;IT;VA|R20| Period \ Repubblica Romana \ Roman republic, 20.th Century (1946-)
;IT;VA|RA=RAN| City \ Region \ Ravenna (MH)
;IT|RAO| City \ Sora (LZ)
;IT|RBG| Castle \ Berignone (near Volterra)
;IT|RC=RGC| City \ Region \ Reggio (di) Calabria (LB)
;IT|RCI| City \ Geraci (Siculo)
;IT;VA|RE=RNE| Region \ Reggio (nell`)(Emilia) (ER)
;IT;HR|RG=RGS| City \ Region \ Ragusa \ Dubrovnik | (HR-DBV)
;IT|RGC| ⇒ RC
;IT|RGE| Quarter \ Riglione (Pisa)
;IT|RGR| Location \ Rhêmes St. Georges (VD)
;IT;HR|RGS| ⇒ RG
;IT|RGV| City \ Rovegno
;IT|RI=R(T)I| City \ Province \ Rieti (LZ)
;IT|RIC(.)| A.A.V.V.: The roman imperial coinage,Vol.I-X, London, 1923-84.
;IT;AT;HR|RJK| City \ Sankt Veit am Flaum \ Fiume \ Rijeka | (HR,TT650)
;IT;VA|RL=RLG| City \ Ronciglione (VT)
;IT;VA|RM=ROM| City \ Province \ Rome (LZ) \ Roma \ Rom | (TT700)
;IT|RN=YRN| City \ Region \ Rimini (ER) | (RMI)
;IT;VA|RNE| ⇒ RE
;IT;VA|RNL| ⇒ RL
;IT;VA|RNT| ⇒ RT
;VA|RO1| Person \ Pope Romanus I (897) \Romano
;IT|RO=RVO| City \ Rovigo (VN)
;IT|ROD| City \ Rodigo
;IT;VA|ROM| ⇒ RM
;IT|RPN| Locality \ Roveredo (in Piano)
;IT|RRO| City \ Sorrento (CM)
;IT|RSV| City \ Ronco (Scrivia)
;IT;VA|RT=RNT| City \ Region \ Recanati
;IT|RTG| City \ Retegno (Lodi)
;IT|RTI| ⇒ RI
;IT|RV| Period \ Rivolta del Sale,Perugia (1540)
;VA|R(y.)| John Carlin Ryan: A Handbook of Papal Coins (1268-1534)
;IT|RZZ| City \ Orezzo
;--|S -| - == - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
;IT;VA|S12| Authority \ Roman Senate \ Senato di Roma, 12.th Century
;IT;VA|S13| Authority \ Roman Senate \ Senato di Roma, 13.th Century
;IT;VA|S14| Authority \ Roman Senate \ Senato di Roma, 14.th Century
;IT|SA=SAL| City \ Region \ Salerno (CM)
;IT|SAB| City \ Sabbioneta \ Sabbionetta
;XU|SAM(.)| Sambon,Arthur: Catalogue de Monnaies de la Grande Grece
;XU|SBG(.)=Schl.| Schlumberger,Hans: Goldmünzen Europas (1800-1997)
;IT|SC=SIC| Region \ Sicilia \ Sicily
;XW|Sch(.)| Schön,G.: Welt-Münzenkatalog ...
;IT|SCK| City \ Sciacca
;IT|SCR| Quarter \ Santa Croce (Arezzo)
;IT|SD=SDY| Region \ Sardinia \Sardegna
;VA|SE1| Person \ Pope Sergio I (687-701) \ Sergius
;VA|SE2| Person \ Pope Sergio II (844-847) \ Sergius
;VA|SE3| Person \ Pope Sergio III (904-911) \ Sergius
;IT|SEB| City \ Seborga
;IT|SEG| City \ Senigallia
;IT|SEL| City \ Selinus \ Selinunt(e)
;VA|S(f.)| Camillo Serafini: Le monete .. pontificie del Medagliere Vaticano
;IT|SFI| Location \ Santa Fiora (TC)
;VA;FR|SG=DSG| City \ Region \ Pont de Sorgues (84) | (FR-SOR)
;IT|SGR| City \ San Gregorio
;IT|SGT| Village \ San Jacopo Al Serchio \ San Giuliano Terme (Pisa)
;IT;AL|SHK| City \ Scutari \ Shkodra \ Shkoder | (AL)
;IT|SI=QSI| City \ Region \ Siena (TC) | (SNA)
;IT|SIC| ⇒ SC
;IT;VA|SiL(.)| Simonetti,Luigi: Monete Italiane Medioevali e Moderne, Ravenna, 1967/69.
;IT|SIR| ⇒ SR
;IT|SIT| City \ Ostia
;IT|SLF| City \ Solferino | (ZUB)
;IT;VA|SL=SLT| City \ Region \ Spoleto (UM)
;IT|SLP| City \ Sulmona (AB)
;IT;CH|SMA| City \ Region \ St Moritz \ St-Maurice \ Auganum \ Acauno \ Mint (1050-1364) | (CH)
;IT|SMD| City \ San Martino dell Argine
;IT;VA|SN=YSN| City \ Region \ San Severino (MH)
;IT|SOM| Region \ Italian Somaliland \ Somalia Italiana
;IT|SOX| City \ Soragna
;IT|SP(.)| Spahr,R.: Le monete siciliane. Graz 1976+1982.
;IT|SR=SIR| City \ Region \ Siracusa \ Syrakus (SC)
;IT|SS=QSS| City \ Region \ Sassari
;VA|ST3| Person \ Pope Stephanus III (752-757) \ Stephen \ Stefan(o)
;VA|ST4| Person \ Pope Stephanus IV (768-772) \ Stephen \ Stefan(o)
;VA|ST5| Person \ Pope Stephanus V (816-817) \ Stephen \ Stefan(o)
;VA|ST6| Person \ Pope Stephanus VI (885-891) \ Stephen \ Stefan(o)
;VA|ST7| Person \ Pope Stephanus VII (896-897) \ Stephen \ Stefan(o)
;VA|ST8| Person \ Pope Stephanus VIII (928-931) \ Stephen \ Stefan(o)
;IT;CH|SUA| City \ Susa (PM) | (IT)
;IT|SV=SVN| City \ Region \ Savoy \ Savona (LG)
;VA|SV05| Period \ Sede Vacante 1605A + 1605B
;VA|SV90| Period \ Sede Vacante 1590A + 1590B
;VA|SV91| Period \ Sede Vacante 1591 + 1591-1592
;IT|SVO| City \ San Severo (PU)
;IT|SVV| City \ (Soma) Vesuviana | (TT880)
;VA|SX4| Person \ Pope Sixtus IV (1471-1484) \ Sisto
;VA|SX5| Person \ Pope Sixtus V (1585-1590) \ Sisto
;IT|SYB| City \ Sybaris \ Sibari
;--|T -| - == - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
;IT|TA=TAR| City \ Region Tarent \ Taranto
;IT|TAV| City \ Alvito (LZ)
;IT|TC=TSC| Region \ Toscana \ Tuscany | (IT-TOS)
;IT|TE=TEO| City \ Region \ Teramo (AB)
;IT|TEI| City \ Terina
;IT;VA|TER| ⇒ TR
;IT;VA|TG=YTG| Region \ Tagliacozzo \ Tagliacozza (AB)
;IT|THU| City Thurioi \ Thuri(i) \ Thurium \ Copia(e)
;IT;VA|TI=TIV| City \ Region \ Tivoli
;IT;LY|TIP| City \ Tripolitania \ Tripolitanien
;IT|TN=YTN| City \ Region \ Trento \ Trient \ Trentino (TT) | (TRT)
;IT|TO=TOO| City \ Region \ Turin \ Torino | (TT800)
;IT|Tod(.)| Toderi,A.A.V.V.: Le monete della Repubblica senese, Milano, 1992.
;IT;VA|TR=TER| City \ Region \ Terni
;IT|TRS| ⇒ TS
;IT|TRV| ⇒ TV
;IT|TS=TRS| City \ Region \ Triest \ Trieste (FV) | (TT820)
;IT|TSC| ⇒ TC
;IT|TSR| City \ Tresana
;IT|TSS| City \ Tassarolo
;XW|TT(.)| Smith,K.(+K)/AVA: Catalogue of world transportation tokens, 1967/1981/1990/2004.
;IT|TTA| City \ Tortona (PM)
;IT|TV=TRV| City \ Region \ Treviso
;--|U -| - == - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
;IT;VA|UB=URB| City \ Region \ Urbino (MH)
;IT|UD=UDN| City \ Province \ Udine (FV)
;IT|UM=UMB| Region \ Umbria
;VA|UR5| Person \ Pope Urbano V (1362-1370) \ Vrbanvs \ Urban
;VA|UR6| Person \ Pope Urbano VI (1378-1389) \ Vrbanvs \ Urban
;VA|UR7| Person \ Pope Urbano VII (1590) \ Vrbanvs \ Urban
;VA|UR8| Person \ Pope Urbano VIII (1623-1644) \ Vrbanvs \ Urban
;VA|UR8V| Period \ Sede Vacante 1644 | (ex-V44)
;IT|URA| Castle \ Casteldurante (MH) \ Urbania
;IT;VA|URB| ⇒ UB
;IT|USI| City \ Chiusi (TC)
;IT|UT1| Person \ King Umberto [Humbert] I (1878-1900)
;IT|UT2| Person \ King Umberto [Humbert] II (1946)
;--|V -| - == - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
;IT|VA=VAR| City \ Province \ Varese (LM)
;IT|VB=VBC| Province \ Region \ Verbano-Cusio-Ossola (PM)
;IT|VC=YVC| City \ Region \ Vercelli (PM) | (VRL)
;IT|VCE| ⇒ VE
;IT|VCH| Location \ Villa di Chiesa (SD)
;IT|VCL| ⇒ VC
;IT|VE=VCE| City \ Region \ Venice \ Venedig \ Venezia (VN) | (TT860)
;IT|VEN| City \ Ventimiglia
;IT|VI=VIC| City \ Region \ Vicenza (VN)
;IT|VIC| ⇒ VI
;IT;VA|VIT| ⇒ VT
;VA|VL0| Person \ Pope Valentino (827) \ Valentinus \ Valentine
;IT|VM1| Person \ King Victor Emmanuel I (1802-1821:SD)
;IT|VM2| Person \ King Victor Emmanuel II (1849-:SD:1861-1878)
;IT|VM3| Person \ King Victor Emmanuel III (1900-1946)
;IT;DE|VN=VNE| Region \ Venetia \ Venetien | (IT)
;IT|VNI| City \ Ver(a)gagni
;IT|VNP| City \ Vittoria (ancient,near Parma)
;IT|VOQ| City \ Volterra(e) \ Velathri
;IT|VR=VRN| City \ Region \ Verona (VN)
;IT|VSO| City \ Vasto
;IT;VA|VT=VIT| City \ Region \ Viterbo (LZ)
;IT|VTU| City \ Vetulonia \ Vetulonium \ Vatluna
;IT|VV=VVA| City \ Province \ Vibo Valentia (LB)
;IT|VZA| City \ Valenza (PM)
;--|W -| - == - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
;IT|WAV| City \ Village \ Avella (CM)
;--|X -| - == - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
;IT|XCA| City \ Cisterna (d`Asti)
;IT|XMV| City \ Moncalvo (AT)
;IT|XTO| City \ Village \ Teano (CM)
;--|Y -| - == - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
;XW|Y(.)?=Y(e.)?| Yeoman,R.S.: Current/Modern World Coins | and Krause/Mishler (>1901)
;IT|YAM| ⇒ AM
;IT|YCI| ⇒ CI
;IT|YCO| Village \ Cortona (TC)
;IT|YLU| ⇒ LU
;IT|YNO| ⇒ NO
;IT|YRN| ⇒ RN
;IT|YSD| ⇒ SD
;IT|YSN| ⇒ SN
;IT|YTG| ⇒ TG
;IT|YTN| ⇒ TN
;IT|YVC| ⇒ VC
;--|Z -| - == - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
;XW|Z!| no catalog reference
;VA|ZA0| Person \ Pope Zacchariae (741-752) \ Zacharias
;IT;HR|ZAD| City \ Zara \ Zadar | (HR)